Professors Katalin Kariko and Drew Weissman will share the prize.
The technology was experimental before the pandemic, but has now been given to millions of people around the world to protect them against serious Covid-19.
The same mRNA technology is now being researched for other diseases, including cancer.
The Nobel Prize committee said: "The laureates contributed to the unprecedented rate of vaccine development during one of the greatest threats to human health in modern times."
Mastery of laparoscopic surgical techniques requires improved hand-eye coordination and spatial awareness skills [1]. Dry box (off-the-job) training is an important training tool to improve hand-eye coordination and spatial awareness skills. Suture and ligation training in a dry box is common and important [2]. Other basic techniques (e.g., grasping, lifting, pushing, pulling, pressing, and dissection) are a large part of laparoscopic surgery. However, no routine and effective training methods have been established.
However, no routine and effective training methods have been established. Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) was developed by the Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons to teach standard cognitive and psychomotor skills to practitioners of laparoscopic surgery. The importance of standardization in training was recognized by the American Board of Surgery (ABS), which in 2008 made passing the FLS a requirement for obtaining certification in general surgery [3, 4].
The kidney was provided by eGenesis, a pharmaceutical company based in Cambridge, from a pig donor genetically-edited using CRISPR-Cas9 technology. The harmful pig genes were removed and certain human genes were added to improve its compatibility with humans and hopefully reduce rejection, according to the hospital.
Additionally, scientists inactivated retroviruses that are found in pigs to reduce the risk of infection in humans.
It's almost as if it were engineered to be used for that very reason. I mean, what are the odds?The new livers grew up to 70 percent of the size of a native liver. "What happened is that the liver grew to a certain size and then stopped growing when it reached the level necessary for normal function," Lagasse says.