A repurchase agreement (repo) is a form of short-term borrowing for dealers in government securities. In the case of a repo, a dealer sells government securities to investors, usually on an overnight basis, and buys them back the following day at a slightly higher price. That small difference in price is the implicit overnight interest rate. Repos are typically used to raise short-term capital. They are also a common tool of central bank open market operations.
For the party selling the security and agreeing to repurchase it in the future, it is a repo; for the party on the other end of the transaction, buying the security and agreeing to sell in the future, it is a reverse repurchase agreement.
KEY TAKEAWAYS
- A repurchase agreement, or 'repo', is a short-term agreement to sell securities in order to buy them back at a slightly higher price.
- The one selling the repo is effectively borrowing and the other party is lending, since the lender is credited the implicit interest in the difference in prices from initiation to repurchase.
- Repos and reverse repos are thus used for short-term borrowing and lending, often with a tenor of overnight to 48 hours.
- The implicit interest rate on these agreements is known as the repo rate, a proxy for the overnight risk-free rate.
The RRP transaction is used less often than a repo by the Fed, as a repo puts money into the banking system when it is short, whereas an RRP borrows money from the system when there is too much liquidity. The Fed conducts RRPs in order to maintain long-term monetary policy and ensure capital liquidity levels in the market.
A short position may be maintained as long as the investor can honor the margin requirements and pay the required interest and the broker lending the shares allows them to be borrowed.